Country Guide: The Netherlands

Leaving behind a substantial inheritance for your loved ones is a noble endeavour. Maximising your estate in the Netherlands can ensure that your heirs benefit from your hard-earned assets.

Understanding Dutch Inheritance Law

The first step towards maximising your inheritance is understanding the basic principles of Dutch inheritance law. Key points include:

• The Netherlands follows a civil law system, meaning the Dutch Civil Code regulates inheritance matters.
• Dutch law provides for a ‘legitieme portie’ (forced heirship), which gives children a monetary claim against the estate equal to half of the share they would have received under intestate succession. This is a monetary claim, not a right to specific assets.
• Dutch inheritance law recognises both testate and intestate succession.

Dutch Inheritance Tax Rates

The rates for both Dutch inheritance and gift taxes are the same. However, certain family members qualify for a tax-free allowance (vrijstelling). These allowances are indexed annually. The current allowance amounts are:

Spouse or partner: up to €804,698 (2025) / €828,035 (2026) (depending on pension values)

Children and grandchildren: €25,490 (2025)

Sick or disabled children: €76,453 (2025)

Parents: €60,359 (2025)

All other beneficiaries: €2,690 (2025)

The inheritance tax rates are divided into two tariff groups. The threshold at which the higher rate applies is €154,197 (2025) / €158,669 (2026):

Tariff Group I – Spouse/partner, children, and parents:

• 10% on the taxable inheritance up to €154,197
• 20% on the taxable inheritance above €154,197

Tariff Group Ia – Grandchildren:

• 18% on the taxable inheritance up to €154,197
• 36% on the taxable inheritance above €154,197

Tariff Group II – All other beneficiaries:

• 30% on the taxable inheritance up to €154,197
• 40% on the taxable inheritance above €154,197

Maximise Your Inheritance: Top Strategies

Make a Will

• Drafting a will is essential in maximising your inheritance in the Netherlands. Without a valid will, your estate will be distributed according to the rules of intestate succession, which may not align with your wishes.
• In your will, you can specify your chosen heirs, outline the distribution of your assets, and appoint an executor to manage the estate.
• Suppose you have assets outside of the Netherlands. In that case, it is crucial to consider the inheritance laws of those countries when drafting your will.

Consider Tax-Efficient Planning

• The Netherlands imposes an inheritance tax on the value of the assets you leave behind. The tax rates and exemptions vary depending on the relationship between the donor and the beneficiary.
• To reduce the inheritance tax burden on your heirs, consider the following strategies:

Gift assets during your lifetime, as Dutch gift tax rates are generally lower than inheritance tax rates.

Utilise the annual tax-free allowance for gifts.

Transfer assets to a spouse or registered partner, as they enjoy a substantial exemption from inheritance tax.

Set Up a Trust

• Trusts can be an effective tool for managing your assets and protecting your wealth. By transferring assets to a trust, you can:

Ensure the proper management and distribution of your assets according to your wishes.

Provide ongoing support for your beneficiaries.

Potentially reduce your estate’s exposure to inheritance tax.

Think About Charitable Giving

• Donating to charities can be a meaningful way to support causes you care about while reducing the inheritance tax burden on your estate.
• Bequests to recognised charitable organisations are exempt from Dutch inheritance tax.
• Incorporate charitable giving in your will or establish a charitable trust to maximise your impact.

Review Your Pension and Life Insurance

• Your pension and life insurance policies can significantly impact your estate’s value. So, review your policies to ensure they align with your inheritance objectives.
• Consider designating specific beneficiaries for your pension and life insurance proceeds to avoid these funds being included in your taxable estate.

International Estate Planning

• If you have assets in multiple countries, it is essential to consider the inheritance laws and tax implications in each jurisdiction.
• Seek professional advice to ensure your international estate planning aligns with your objectives and local regulations.

Stay Informed and Review Your Plan Regularly

Estate planning is not a one-time event but rather an ongoing process. Stay informed about changes to Dutch inheritance laws, tax regulations, and best practices for wealth preservation.

Review your estate plan to remain current and aligned with your goals and objectives.

Doing so will make you better prepared to adapt to changes in your circumstances or the legal environment.

Utilise the Business Succession Facility (Bedrijfsopvolgingsregeling – BOR)

• The Netherlands offers a tax relief program for business owners who wish to pass on their businesses to their heirs. The Business Succession Facility can significantly reduce the inheritance tax liability associated with transferring business assets.
• Key aspects of the BOR include:

A 100% exemption for the first €1,500,000 (2025) / €1,543,500 (2026) of the business’s going concern value.

A 75% exemption for the remaining going concern value (reduced from 83% as of 1 January 2025).

The possibility of deferring the payment of inheritance tax for up to 10 years.

From 2026, further restrictions apply: BOR relief is generally limited to direct or indirect interests of at least 5% of the issued share capital, and a ‘family test’ may apply to qualifying business assets.

It is essential to plan ahead and seek professional advice on the eligibility criteria and application process to maximise the benefits of the BOR.

Consider the Role of Life Interest (Vruchtgebruik)

• Life interest, or ‘vruchtgebruik’ in Dutch, is a legal concept that allows you to separate the ownership of an asset from the right to use and benefit from it. This can be a useful estate planning tool for providing financial support to your spouse or other beneficiaries while preserving the capital value of your assets for future generations.
• By granting a life interest in your assets, you can:

Ensure that your surviving spouse or partner has access to the income generated by your assets without transferring full ownership.

Protect your assets from potential claims by other family members or creditors.

Reduce the inheritance tax burden on your estate by excluding the capital value of the life interest from the taxable base.

• It is crucial to consult with a professional to understand the legal and tax implications of incorporating life interest arrangements in your estate plan.

Evaluate the Impact of Pre-Nuptial and Post-Nuptial Agreements

• If you are married or considering marriage, evaluating how your marital property regime will impact your estate planning objectives is important. The Netherlands recognises several forms of marital property regimes, including community property and separate property systems.
• Pre-nuptial and post-nuptial agreements can help you:

Define the rights and obligations of each spouse with respect to your assets.

Protect your separate property from potential claims by your spouse or their creditors.

Ensure that your estate is distributed according to your wishes in the event of divorce or death.

• Seek professional advice to ensure your marital property arrangements align with your estate planning goals and comply with Dutch law.

Factor in the Impact of Family Dynamics

• Family dynamics can play a significant role in the success of your estate planning strategy. Conflicts and misunderstandings among your heirs can lead to costly disputes and delay the distribution of your assets.
• To minimise the potential for family conflicts, consider the following strategies:

Communicate openly with your heirs about your estate planning objectives and the rationale behind your decisions.

Address any existing family tensions or disputes before they escalate.

Consider using mediation or other conflict resolution techniques to facilitate constructive discussions among your heirs.

Seek professional guidance on incorporating dispute resolution mechanisms in your estate plan to prevent conflicts from derailing your objectives.

Be Aware of Digital Assets

• In today’s digital age, it is essential to consider the impact of your digital assets on your estate planning strategy. Digital assets include online bank accounts, cryptocurrencies, social media profiles, and digital media collections.
• To ensure the proper management and distribution of your digital assets, consider the following steps:

Create an inventory of your digital assets and store it securely.

Include provisions in your will that explicitly address your digital assets and designate a digital executor.

Provide clear instructions on how your digital assets should be managed and distributed, including any relevant usernames, passwords, and access keys.

Stay informed about the evolving legal landscape surrounding digital assets and update your estate plan as needed.

Estate Planning for Non-Traditional Families

• Suppose you have a non-traditional family structure, such as a blended family or an unmarried partnership. In that case, carefully considering your estate planning strategy is particularly important. The Netherlands recognises various forms of legal relationships, including registered partnerships and cohabitation agreements.
• To ensure that your estate plan accurately reflects your wishes and protects the interests of your loved ones, consider the following factors:

The legal status of your relationship and its impact on inheritance rights.

The potential for conflicts among family members with different legal rights and obligations.

The need for tailored estate planning solutions, such as trusts or life interest arrangements, to provide for your beneficiaries in a tax-efficient manner.

The importance of seeking professional advice to navigate the complexities of Dutch inheritance law as it applies to non-traditional family structures.

Keep Your Estate Plan Up-to-Date

• Estate planning is an ongoing process that should be reviewed and updated periodically to reflect changes in your circumstances, legal environment, or financial goals.
• Regularly review and update your estate plan in response to the following:

Major life events include marriage, divorce, the birth of a child, or the death of a beneficiary.

Changes in Dutch inheritance law or tax regulations.

The acquisition or disposal of significant assets.

New estate planning strategies or tools that become available.

Collaborate with a Team of Professionals

Estate planning is a complex and multifaceted process that requires the expertise of various professionals.

To ensure that your estate plan is comprehensive, effective, and legally compliant, consider assembling a team of professionals that may include:

• Estate planning attorneys
• Tax advisors
• Financial planners
• Insurance agents
• Business succession specialists

By collaborating with experts, you can access the knowledge and resources needed to develop a holistic estate plan that maximises your inheritance and achieves your goals.

Consider the Role of Executors and Trustees

When planning your estate, carefully consider the individuals or organisations you appoint as executors and trustees.

These roles involve significant responsibility and discretion in managing and distributing your assets according to your wishes.

By choosing trusted and capable executors and trustees, you can enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of your estate plan. Key points to consider include:

• The qualifications, experience, and reputation of potential executors and trustees.
• The personal relationship between your chosen executors, trustees, and your beneficiaries.
• The potential for conflicts of interest among executors, trustees, and beneficiaries.
• The importance of having a backup executor or trustee in case the initially appointed person is unable or unwilling to serve.

Incorporate Flexibility in Your Estate Plan

Estate planning is an ongoing process that should be adaptable to changes in your personal circumstances, the legal environment, and your financial goals.

Incorporating flexibility into your estate plan allows you to better prepare for and respond to unexpected changes or challenges. Strategies for enhancing the flexibility of your estate plan include:

• Incorporating discretionary trusts or powers of appointment that enable your trustees to respond to changing circumstances or beneficiary needs.
• Drafting your will in a way that allows for adjustments in response to changes in Dutch inheritance law or tax regulations.
• Providing guidance for your executors and trustees in the form of a letter of wishes, which can be updated and revised more easily than a formal will or trust document.

Explore the Potential of Philanthropy

In addition to the direct tax benefits associated with charitable giving, incorporating philanthropy into your estate plan can provide intangible benefits for both you and your heirs.

By leaving a lasting legacy through charitable donations or foundations, you can instil a sense of purpose and meaning in your estate planning process. Some ways to integrate philanthropy into your estate plan include:

• Establishing a private foundation or donor-advised fund to support causes you care about.
• Involving your heirs in your philanthropic endeavours to foster a sense of shared values and a commitment to social responsibility.
• Exploring innovative giving vehicles, such as impact investing or social enterprises, to maximise your philanthropic investments’ social and financial returns.

Maximising your inheritance in the Netherlands requires a comprehensive and well-thought-out estate plan that considers all aspects of your personal and financial circumstances.

By understanding Dutch inheritance law, implementing effective strategies, and engaging a team of professionals, you can ensure that your estate is structured optimally for your heirs.

Keep your estate plan up-to-date, factor in family dynamics, and be aware of digital assets to protect your legacy and provide for your loved ones most efficiently and effectively.

Remember that this article is provided for informational purposes only, and it is essential to consult with qualified professionals to obtain personalised advice and guidance on your situation.

Estate planning is a complex and evolving field, and professional advice can help you navigate the intricacies of Dutch inheritance law and make informed decisions about your estate.